28 April 2026 : Review article
Urinary Microbiome Characteristics in Kidney Transplant Recipients and Their Clinical Implications: A Narrative Review
Shuzhan Sun ABCDEF 1,2, Yuhui He ABDEF 1, Yisen Deng ABDEF 1, Jianfeng Wang ACDEFG 1*DOI: 10.12659/AOT.952286
Ann Transplant 2026; 31:e952286
Figure 1 Conceptual framework linking urobiome dysbiosis to post-transplant clinical phenotypesTransplant-related perturbations, including immunosuppression, antibiotic exposure, and catheterization, disrupt protective urinary commensals and reduce microbial diversity, leading to functional dysbiosis characterized by pathobiont expansion, biofilm formation, and increased resistome potential. These alterations converge on immune–metabolic injury pathways and tissue injury programs within the renal allograft, promoting divergent clinical phenotypes such as recurrent urinary tract infections, chronic allograft dysfunction with interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IF/TA), and acute rejection.