Early Atropine Protocol Enhances Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography in End-Stage Liver Disease: A Practical Cardiac Risk Stratification Tool Before Liver Transplantation

12 August 2025 : Original article

Özge Çetinarslan^{ABCDEF 1*}, Sinan Efe Yazıcı^{ABC 2}, Ahmet Atasever

^{ABC 2}

DOI: 10.12659/AOT.950166

Ann Transplant 2025; 30:e950166

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Table 3 Post hoc analysis for pairwise comparisons.

Parameters	Group 1 vs 2	P value	Group 1 vs 3	P value	Group 2 vs 3	P value
Hypotension (%)	12.5% vs 50.0%	0.015	12.5% vs 8.7%	1.000	50.0% vs 8.7%	0.006
VES (%)	29.2% vs 59.1%	0.081	29.2% vs 13.0%	0.320	59.1% vs 13.0%	0.004
Palpitation (%)	66.7% vs 77.3%	0.638	66.7% vs 34.8%	0.058	77.3% vs 34.8%	0.010
Nausea (%)	8.3% vs 77.3%	<0.001	8.3% vs 0.0%	0.489	77.3/% vs 0.0%	<0.001
Achieved HR (%)	83% vs 85%	0.023	83% vs 95%	<0.001	85% vs 95%	<0.001
Procedure time (minute)	19.08 vs 27.82	<0.001	19.08 vs 18.48	0.096	27.82 vs 18.55	<0.001
Group 1: dobutamine only; Group 2: 40 μg/kg/min dobutamine+atropine; Group 3: 30 μg/kg/min dobutamine+atropine. Achieved HR – percentage of maximum HR; VES – ventricular extrasystole.

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