02 June 2026 : Original article
Development and Internal Validation of a Web-Based Dynamic Nomogram for Dynamic Risk Stratification of Early Bacterial Infection in Liver Transplant Recipients
Trung Dinh Ngo ACDEF 1, Thu Thi Nguyen BCDE 1, Khanh Nam Le BCEF 1, Anh Hoang Ngoc Nguyen
BDEF 2, Trang Thu Do BDEF 3, Huy Xuan Huynh BCE 4, Khanh Van Le BCE 4, Nam Van Do ACDEG 1*
DOI: 10.12659/AOT.952951
Ann Transplant 2026; 31:e952951
Table 1 Comparison of patient characteristics between 2 groups.
| Variables | Total (n=205) | Non-infection group (n=160) | Infection group (n=45) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female, n (%) | 34 (16.6) | 22 (13.8) | 12 (26.7) | 0.040 |
| Age, years | 54 (44–61) | 53 (44–60) | 54 (44–61) | 0.978 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 37 (18) | 30 (18.8) | 7 (15.6) | 0.623 |
| CRRT/TPE, n (%) | 33 (16.1) | 19 (11.9) | 14 (31.1) | 0.002 |
| MELD, median (IQR) | 16 (8–29) | 13 (8–28) | 25 (15–38) | <0.001 |
| WBC, median (IQR), G/L | 6.4 (4.8–12.6) | 6 (4.6–8.5) | 7.3 (5.1–12) | 0.015 |
| Neu/Lym ratio, median (IQR) | 3.2 (2.1–5.8) | 3 (1.8–5.4) | 4.3 (2.9–9.1) | 0.002 |
| Indication for LDLT | 0.010 | |||
| Liver cancer, n (%) | 90 (43.9) | 79 (49.4) | 11 (24.4) | – |
| ALF/ACLF, n (%) | 63 (30.7) | 43 (26.9) | 20 (44.4) | – |
| Other, n (%) | 52 (25.4) | 38 (23.8) | 14 (31.1) | – |
| Duration of LDLT surgery, median (IQR), minutes | 412 (380–434) | 414 (380–435) | 411 (382–421) | 0.501 |
| Blood loss volume, median (IQR), mL | 1500 (1000–2000) | 1500 (1000–2000) | 1500 (1250–2050) | 0.118 |
| Blood transfusion volume, median (IQR), mL | 2350 (1725–3050) | 2300 (1700–3000) | 2700 (2300–3150) | 0.023 |
| Lactate post-reperfusion, median (IQR), mmol/L | 4.9 (3.2–6.8) | 4.8 (3.1–6.7) | 4.9 (3.2–7.6) | 0.651 |
| WBC, median (IQR), G/L | 11 (7.6–15.1) | 10.9 (7.6–15.5) | 11.2 (7.4–14.8) | 0.902 |
| Neu/Lym ratio, median (IQR) | 12 (8.4–18.3) | 12.2 (8.4–18) | 10.6 (8.0–21.1) | 0.738 |
| Use of vasopressors, n (%) | 34 (16.6) | 19 (11.9) | 15 (33.3) | <0.001 |
| Post-transplant blood transfusion within the first week, n (%) | 120 (58.5) | 86 (53.8) | 34 (75.6) | 0.009 |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 46 (22.4) | 34 (21.3) | 12 (26.7) | 0.442 |
| CRRT within the first week, n (%) | 18 (8.8) | 12 (7.5) | 6 (13.3) | 0.222 |
| Bile leakage, n (%) | 27 (13.2) | 12 (7.5) | 15 (33.3) | <0.001 |
| Early AKI, n (%) | 67 (32.7) | 43 (26.9) | 24 (53.3) | <0.001 |
| Early allograft dysfunction, n (%) | 24 (11.7) | 14 (8.8) | 10 (22.2) | 0.013 |
| ICU length of stay, median (IQR), days | 5 (5–7) | 5 (5–6) | 7 (5–11) | <0.001 |
| WBC POD1 | 11.8 (9.2–14.9) | 12 (9.3–15.2) | 10.8 (8.4–14.3) | 0.249 |
| Neu/Lym ratio POD1 | 18.4 (12.1–30.6) | 18.3 (12.7–30) | 18.7 (10.9–41.9) | 0.624 |
| Tacrolimus POD7 | 7.1 (6.2–8.1) | 6.9 (6.0–8.0) | 7.4 (6.5–8.3) | 0.072 |
| CRRT – continuous renal replacement therapy; TPE – therapeutic plasma exchange; MELD – Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; WBC – white blood cell count; IQR – interquartile range; LDLT – living donor liver transplantation; ALF – acute liver failure; ACLF – acute-on-chronic liver failure; AKI – acute kidney injury; ICU – Intensive Care Unit; POD – postoperative day; Neu/Lym ratio – neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. | ||||