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24 May 2022: Review Paper

A Systematic Review of the Literature on Chronic Kidney Disease Following Liver Transplantation

Hitomi Miyata 1ADE* , Yoshiaki Morita 2ADE , Anil Kumar 3DE

DOI: 10.12659/AOT.935170

Ann Transplant 2022; 27:e935170

Table 4 Patient demographics and baseline characteristics for the included studies.

Author, year [ref]Study armnMale sex, n (%)Mean±SD age, yearsCaucasian race, n (%)Mean ±SD BMI, kg/m2Graft from living donor, n (%)Primary disease (including pre-existing renal disease), n (%)Mean±SD baseline creatinine level, mg/dL
Lin KH et al, 2017 []18 1816 (88.9)55.2±7.518 (100)1.45±1.6
2319 (82.6)51.2±8.323 (100)1.15±0.3
Chen WY et al, 2017 []23 1413 (92.9)50.3±5.69 (64.3)Alcoholism, 10 (71.4)HBV, 2 (14.3)HCV, 1 (7.1)HBV/HCV coinfection, 1 (7.1)1.2±0.3
2826 (92.9)53.1±8.417 (60.7)Alcoholism, 13 (46.4)HBV, 12 (42.9)HBV + HCV, 3 (10.7)1.1±0.3
Gojowy D et al, 2020 []24 13078 (60.0)49.3±11.90 (0)HCV, 36 (27.7)Ethanol abuse, 30 (23.1)HBV, 12 (9.2)Primary sclerosing cholangitis, 12 (9.2)Autoimmune hepatitis, 10 (7.7)Primary biliary cirrhosis, 6 (4.6)Autoimmune hepatitis/primary sclerosing cholangitis or autoimmune hepatitis/primary biliary cirrhosis overlapping syndrome, 4 (3.1)HCC without cirrhosis, 3 (2.3)Budd-Chiari syndrome, 2 (1.5)Wilson’s disease, 2 (1.5)Acute hepatitis A, 1 (0.8)Hemochromatosis, 1 (0.8)Unknown, 11 (8.5)0.96±0.61
Levitsky J et al, 2020 []25 2817 (60.7)52.5±12.222 (78.6)HCV, 4 (14.3)
3225 (78.1)54.1±8.725 (78.1)HCV, 11 (34.4)
Lladó L et al, 2019 []26 6951 (73.9)55±9.9HCV negative, 69 (100)History of acute kidney failure, 29 (42.0)Refractory ascites, 18 (26.1)CKD, 6 (8.7)HRS I, 5 (7.2)HRS II, 5 (7.2)1.02±0.49
Hong S et al, 2017 []27 4841 (85.4)53.4±8.1Living related, 38 (79.2)Living unrelated, 8 (16.7)HBV-related cirrhosis, (70.8)HCC, 30 (62.5)Alcoholic cirrhosis, (14.6)0.8±0.3
Jochmans I et al, 2017 []28 2110 (47.6)Median (IQR), 59 (47–69)21 (100)HCC, 11 (52.4)Acute liver failure, 4 (19.0)Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis cirrhosis, 4 (19.0)Post ethyl cirrhosis, 4 (19.0)HCV, 3 (14.3)HBV, 2 (9.5)Polycystic liver disease, 1 (4.8)Retransplantation, 1 (4.8)Other, 6 (28.6)Median (range) 0.77 (0.62–0.98)
5938 (64.4)60 (51–67)59 (100)HCC, 21 (35.6)Cholestatic disease, 14 (23.7)Post ethyl cirrhosis, 13 (22.0)HCV, 6 (10.2)Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis cirrhosis, 5 (8.5)Acute liver failure, 4 (6.8)Retransplantation, 4 (6.8)HBV, 3 (5.1)Polycystic liver disease, 1 (1.7)Other, 5 (8.5)Median (range) 0.86 (0.74–1.04)
Dopazo C et al, 2018 []29 2018 (90.0)60±60 (0)Pre-liver transplant renal dysfunction (eGFR
Pascher A et al, 2015 []30 4937 (75.5)56.4±8.4445 (91.8)49 (100)Alcoholic cirrhosis, 21 (42.9)HCC, 11 (22.4)Sclerosing cholangitis, 7 (14.3)HBV, 5 (10.2)
5139 (76.5)53.8±11.3445 (88.2)51 (100)Alcoholic cirrhosis, 16 (31.4)HCC, 14 (27.5)HBV, 4 (7.8)Sclerosing cholangitis, 3 (5.9) Cryptogenic cirrhosis, 1 (2.0)HCV, 1 (2.0)Primary biliary cirrhosis, 1 (2.0)
4933 (67.3)55.1±8.8648 (98.0)49 (100)Alcoholic cirrhosis, 20 (40.8)HCC, 9 (18.4)Primary biliary cirrhosis, 4 (8.2)Cryptogenic cirrhosis, 3 (6.1)Metabolic disease, 2 (4.1)Sclerosing cholangitis, 2 (4.1)HBV, 1 (2.0)HCV, 1 (2.0)
5127 (52.9)53.3±10.245 (88.2)51 (100)Alcoholic cirrhosis, 18 (35.3)HCC, 8 (15.7)Primary biliary cirrhosis, 5 (9.8)Sclerosing cholangitis, 3 (5.9)Cryptogenic cirrhosis, 2 (3.9)HBV, 1 (2.0)Metabolic disease, 1 (2.0)
Sharma P et al, 2019 []7 9366 (71.0)Median (IQR) 56 (49–62)81 (87.1)Median (IQR) 27 (23–32)0 (0)HCV, 33 (35.5)HCC, 30 (32.3)Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,15 (16.1)Alcoholic liver disease, 6 (6.5)Cryptogenic, 6 (6.5)Other, 33 (35.5)Median (IQR) 0.8 (0.6–1.0)
Lim Y-T et al, 2020 []19 7847 (60.0)Median (range) 54 (21–71)Alcoholic liver disease, 24 (30.8)HCC, 18 (23.1)NAFLD, 10 (12.8)Autoimmune hepatitis, 8 (10.3)HCV, 7 (9.0)Primary sclerosing cholangitis, 7 (9.0)HBV±HDV, 4 (5.1)Primary biliary cholangitis, 4 (5.1)Acute liver failure, 2 (2.6)Cryptogenic, 1 (1.3)Other, 11 (14.1)
Saliba F et al, 2017 []22 9379 (84.9)56.5±8.688 (94.6)25.6±4.20 (0)Alcoholic cirrhosis, 49 (52.7)HCC, 19 (20.4)HCV, 7 (7.5)HBV, 3 (3.2)Other, 15 (16.1)
9581 (85.3)55.5±8.290 (94.7)26.5±3.80 (0)Alcoholic cirrhosis, 50 (52.6)HCC, 25 (26.3)HCV, 7 (7.4)HBV, 3 (3.2)Other, 10 (10.5)
Chauhan KC et al, 2018 []20 290187 (64.5)Median (IQR) 59.0 (52.0–64.0)110 (37.9)Median (IQR) 26.4 (23.0–30.5)HCV, 106 (36.6)HCC, 51 (17.6)HBV, 30 (10.3)Alcoholic liver disease, 22 (7.6)NAFLD, 13 (4.5)Primary biliary cirrhosis, 12 (4.1)Primary sclerosing cirrhosis, 11 (3.8)Acute liver failure, 9 (3.1)Other liver disease, 36 (12.4)
223139 (62.3)Median (IQR) 58.0 (49.0–62.0)81 (36.3)Median (IQR) 26.0 (23.0–30.0)HCV, 78 (35.0)HCC, 39 (17.5)HBV, 24 (10.8)Alcoholic liver disease, 15 (6.7)Primary biliary cirrhosis, 12 (5.4)Acute liver failure, 9 (4.0)NAFLD, 9 (4.0)Primary sclerosing cirrhosis, 7 (3.1)Other liver disease, 30 (13.5)
6748 (71.6)Median (IQR) 63.0 (56.0–68.0)29 (43.3)Median (IQR) 27.2 (24.0–31.8)HCV, 28 (41.8)HCC, 12 (17.9)Alcoholic liver disease, 7 (10.5)HBV, 6 (9.0)NAFLD, 4 (6.0)Primary sclerosing cirrhosis, 4 (6.0)Other liver disease, 6 (9.0)
14992 (61.7)Median (IQR) 59.0 (52.0–64.0)58 (38.9)Median (IQR) 26.0 (23.0–30.0)HCV, 48 (32.2)HCC, 36 (24.2)HBV, 18 (12.1)Alcoholic liver disease, 9 (6.0)Primary biliary cirrhosis, 9 (6.0)Acute liver failure, 5 (3.4)Primary sclerosing cirrhosis, 4 (2.7)Other liver disease, 20 (13.4)
14195 (67.4)Median (IQR) 59.0 (52.0–64.0)52 (36.9)Median (IQR) 27.0 (23.1–31.0)HCV, 58 (41.1)HCC, 15 (10.6)Alcoholic liver disease, 13 (9.2)NAFLD, 13 (9.2)HBV, 12 (8.5)Primary sclerosing cirrhosis, 7 (5.0)Acute liver failure, 4 (2.8)Primary biliary cirrhosis, 3 (2.1)Other liver disease, 16 (11.4)
Yoon K et al, 2018 []21 116 (54.5)48.5±10.09 (81.8)HBV, 9 (81.8)HCC, 7 (63.6)Other, 2 (18.2)
3023 (76.7)58.8±7.522 (73.3)HBV, 19 (63.3)HCC, 19 (63.3)Other, 11 (36.7)
1010 (100)61.5±6.96 (60.0)HCC, 6 (60.0)HBV, 5 (50.0)Other, 5 (50.0)
AKI – acute kidney injury; ATG – anti-human T-lymphocyte globulin; BID – twice daily; BMI – body mass index; CKD – chronic kidney disease; CsA – ciclosporin A; EC-MPS – enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium; eGFR – estimated glomerular filtration rate; GFR – glomerular filtration rate; HBV – hepatitis B virus; HCC – hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV – hepatitis C virus; HDV – hepatitis D virus; HRS – hepatorenal syndrome; IQR – interquartile range; MMF – mycophenolate mofetil; NAFLD – non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; OLT – orthotopic liver transplantation; QD – once daily; SD – standard deviation; TAC – tacrolimus.

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Annals of Transplantation eISSN: 2329-0358
Annals of Transplantation eISSN: 2329-0358